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Sources

  1. National Register of Historic Places, Upper Fells Point Historic District, Application. From Medusa, the Maryland Historical Trust’s online database. (Accessed July 2, 2019), section 7, p. 34.

  2. See Richards, Karen. “Centenary of the ‘Mariner’s Church’.” The Sun (1837 – 1994), February 22, 1948.

  3. See South Broadway Baptist Church 50th Annual Homecoming, March 18, 2018, Program, Historical Summary of South Broadway Baptist Church, p. 4, which suggests 1952 was the year the congregation that would become South Broadway Baptist Church began to meet, and Philip and Mary Morris, eds. “East Baltimore Church of God” in Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009, (Cleveland, TN: Derek Press, 2010), p. 308, which cites 1955 as the year the congregation that would become East Baltimore Church of God began to meet.

  4. South Broadway Baptist Church 50th Annual Homecoming, March 18, 2018, Program. From Historical Summary of South Broadway Baptist Church.

  5. Pietila, Antero, “Indian Study Center Set to Open.” The Baltimore Sun, June 12, 1970.

  6. Cox, Keith, “The Story of the Baltimore American Indian Center and the Part My Grandmother Played in it,” May 2006.

  7. Personal communication with Minnie S. Maynor, July 25, 2019.

  8. Personal communication with Minnie S. Maynor, July 25, 2019.

  9. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 3211, p. 0449, msa_ce168_13531. Date available February 1, 2005. Date printed May 20, 2019.

  10. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 3532, p. 0759, msa_ce168_13852. Date available October 4, 2004. Date printed May 20, 2019.

  11. National Register of Historic Places, Upper Fells Point Historic District, Application. From Medusa, the Maryland Historical Trust’s online database. Accessed July 31, 2019, section 7, page 6.

  12. See “local matters.” The Sun (1837 – 1994), August 29, 1843.

  13. See Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) sol 2657, p. 0092, msa_ce168_2665. Date available March 17, 2005. Date printed October 4, 2019.

  14. See Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2958, p. 0756, msa_ce168_13276. Date available November 18, 2004. Date printed December 17, 2018.

  15. See Church to Mark Feast of Patronal Saint. The Sun (1836 – 1993); June 26 1920; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Sun, page 4; Confers with Cardinal, The Sun (1836 – 1993); June 26 1920; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Baltimore Sun, page 4.

  16. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2958, p. 0756, msa_ce168_13276. Date available November 18, 2004. Date printed December 17, 2018.

  17. Pietila, Antero, “Indian Study Center Set to Open.” The Baltimore Sun, June 12, 1970.

  18. Powell, Mike, “Baltimore’s Lumbee Indians: Problems, Promise.” The News American, May 17, 1973.

  19. See American Indian Study Center, Inc. Articles of Amendment, March 24, 1980. Baltimore American Indian Center Archives. Baltimore, Maryland.

  20. “Stanley Markowitz.” osi Community Fellow, Open Society Institute Baltimore.

  21. Real Property Data Search, Baltimore City, 118 S. Broadway, Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation. Accessed July 31, 2019. See also Kovner, Joseph. Joseph Kovner, Religious Society of Friends, to Barry Richardson, Baltimore American Indian Center, May 12, 1983. Letter. From the Baltimore American Indian Center Archives, property files. Baltimore, Maryland.

  22. Personal communication with E. Keith Colston, August 1, 2019.

  23. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) fmc 2699, p. 0020, msa_ce164_11850. Date available June 1, 2005. Date printed July 31, 2019.

  24. Written church histories say the storefront was in the 100 block of S. Broadway and some elders remember it being this building, although others recall it being 12 S. Broadway, one block north. Personal communication with Jeanette Jones, Mattie Fields, and Minnie S. Maynor, August 26, 2021. See also South Broadway Baptist Church 50th Annual Homecoming, March 18, 2018, Program. From Historical Summary of South Broadway Baptist Church, 4.

  25. Personal communication with Kirby Hunt, May 27, 2020.

  26. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Baltimore City, Maryland. Sanborn Map Company, Vol. 3, 1914. Collection of the Baltimore Department of Planning Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation.

  27. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Baltimore City, Maryland. Sanborn Map Company, Vol. 3, 1936, most recently edited in 1971. Collection of the Baltimore Department of Planning Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation.

  28. See various Baltimore Sun ads, such as Classified ad 2 — no title. The Sun (1837 – 1994), December 18, 1984. See also 1600 Lombard Street, Washington Hill. Photograph. Baltimore, Maryland, May 20, 1972. From the collection of the Baltimore City Department of Planning Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation (chap).

  29. Real Property Data Search, Baltimore City, 1623 E. Lombard Street, Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation. Accessed August 7, 2019.

  30. See Eleanor B. Therien, “How the American Indian Study Center Began.” The Smoke Signal, no. 1 (January 1970): 5, and “obituary: final edition.” The Sun, May 10, 2001.

  31. Property Data Search, Baltimore City, 1623 E. Lombard Street, Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation. Accessed August 7, 2019.

  32. Personal communication with Barry Richardson, August 9, 2019.

  33. George Vasiliadis, interview with Ashley Minner and Sean Scheidt, February, 2016, Baltimore, Maryland, transcript.

  34. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2962, p. 0418, msa_ce168_13280. Date available November 18, 2004. Date printed July 31, 2019.

  35. See Philip and Mary Morris, eds. “East Baltimore Church of God” in Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009, (Cleveland, TN: Derek Press, 2010), p. 308.

  36. See Other 3 — no title.The Sun (1837 – 1993), July 09, 1917.

  37. See Classified ad 5 — no title. The Sun (1837 – 1993), January 21, 1947.

  38. 1959 year is a rough estimation. Personal communication with Rev. Redell Hammonds, December 12, 2018.

  39. Rev. Redell Hammonds, phone interview with Ashley Minner, December 12, 2018, transcript.

  40. Robert Kirk Headley, Jr. A History of Movies in Baltimore (University Park, Maryland: Robert Kirk Headley, Jr. 1974), 127 – 128.

  41. “Street Fighter Given Long Count of 60 Days in Jail.”The Sun (1837 – 1993), July 29, 1959.

  42. Personal communications with Jeanette W. Jones and Edward Mattison, September 20, 2019. Also see Legal notice 2 — no title. (June 06, 1960). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  43. See Races mix in bar row. (June 27, 1966). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  44. Rev. Redell Hammonds, phone interview with Ashley Minner, December 12, 2018, transcript.

  45. Classified ad 3 — no title. The Sun (1837 – 1993), December 09, 1948.

  46. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 3073, p. 0630, msa_ce168_13393. Date available February 1, 2005. Date printed August 1, 2019.

  47. Cynthia Gayle Revels Haas, interview with Ashley Minner, July 7, 2020, transcript.

  48. Philip and Mary Morris, eds. Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009. Cleveland, Tennessee: Derek Press, 2010, 308.

  49. Classified ad 36 — no title. (October 27, 1963). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  50. See Classified ad 4 — no title. (September 14, 1935). The Sun (1837 – 1993), Classified ad 5 — no title. (August 20, 1938). The Sun (1837 – 1993), and Polk’s Baltimore City Directory, 1936, ’37, and ‘42. Baltimore, Maryland: R.L. Polk.

  51. Classified ad 7 — no title. (March 24, 1944). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  52. See Schaaf, Dale. Mean Bars. Baltimore Magazine, July 1978.

  53. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2945, p. 0231, msa_ce168_13263. Date available November 8, 2004. Date printed August 1, 2019.

  54. “Historical Summary of South Broadway Baptist Church” in South Broadway Baptist Church 50th Annual Homecoming, (Baltimore: South Broadway Baptist Church, 2018), 4.

  55. Rev. Redell Hammonds, phone interview with Ashley Minner, December 12, 2018, transcript.

  56. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2959, p. 0553, msa_ce168_13277. Date available November 18, 2004. Date printed August 1, 2019.

  57. See Classified ad 3 — no title (December 13, 1946). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  58. Display ad 60 — no title. (December 23, 1953). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  59. Classified ad 7 — no title. (April 7, 1955). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  60. See Display ad 65 — no title. (October 1, 1958). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  61. Personal communication with Carl “Mr. Charlie” Locklear, October 4, 2019.

  62. See man acquitted a second time: tavern owner wins verdict in court on beer charge. (March 7, 1959). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  63. Classified ad 18 — no title. (September 21, 1960). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  64. Classified ad 9 — no title. (April 25, 1969). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  65. See Liquor license is denied ginski. (October 29, 1976). The Sun (1837 – 1993).

  66. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 3408, p. 0517, msa_ce168_13728. Date available September 16, 2004. Date printed August 7, 2019.

  67. See Edward Gunts, “Bricks Are Sold for Promenade in Fells Point.” The Baltimore Sun, November 17, 1991.

  68. See Rafael Alvarez, “Walkway paved with city’s memories.” The Baltimore Sun, April 6, 1992.

  69. Personal communication with Linda Cox, September 20, 2018.

  70. Personal communication with Linda Cox, September 20, 2018.

  71. Philip and Mary Morris, eds. Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009. Cleveland, Tennessee: Derek Press, 2010, 309.

  72. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) wa 3800, p. 0900, msa_ce168_14120. Date available December 21, 2009. Date printed August 8, 2019.

  73. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) fmc 16185, p. 0428, msa_ce164_25340. Date available April 30, 2014. Date printed August 8, 2019.

  74. See Mohawk Bridge & Iron, “About.” Accessed July 20, 2021.

  75. Allen Snow, interview with Ashley Minner, July 2, 2021, phone, transcript.

  76. Personal communication with Allan Snow, June 14, 2021.

  77. Personal communication with Chris Snow, June 15, 2021.

  78. Patterson High School relocated to 100 Kane Street in 1960. Personal communication with former principal, Laura D’Anna, August 9, 2019. Also see Polk's Baltimore City Directory, 1942. Baltimore, Maryland: R.L. Polk.

  79. See Deed, 403 N. Lakewood Avenue, July 18, 1989, property files, Baltimore American Indian Center Archives. Baltimore, Maryland.

  80. See Pritchett, Karen D. Karen D. Pritchett, Fiscal Officer, Baltimore American Indian Center, to Whom It May Concern, July 25, 1989. Letter. From the Baltimore American Indian Center archives, property files, 403 N. Lakewood Avenue. Baltimore, Maryland.

  81. See Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) pmb 6707, p. 0165, msa_ce164_6707. Date available May 4, 2007. Date printed September 30, 2019.

  82. See Deed, 1921 E. Baltimore Street, October 8, 1988. Baltimore American Indian Center Archives. Baltimore, Maryland and Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) fmc 50, p. 0047, msa_ce164_9201. Date available May 26, 2005. Date printed August 9, 2019.

  83. See Real Estate Contract of Sale, 2205 and 2207 E. Baltimore Street, September 30, 1997. Baltimore American Indian Center Archives. Baltimore, Maryland.

  84. See Deed of Assignment, 12 N. Clinton Street, April 14, 1988, Baltimore American Indian Center Archives. Baltimore, Maryland.

  85. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) seb 2162, p. 0377, msa_ce164_2162. Date available December 30, 2009. Date printed August 9, 2019.

  86. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) seb 3911, p. 0465, MSA_CE164_3911. Date available September 7, 2006. Date printed August 9, 2019.

  87. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) seb 6333, p. 0159, msa_ce164_6333. Date available May 26, 2005. Date printed August 9, 2019.

  88. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) fmc 6747, p. 1319, MSA_CE164_15898. Date available October 31, 2005. Date printed August 9, 2019.

  89. See “An Enduring Legacy.” The McKim Center. Accessed August 9, 2019.

  90. See “McKim’s School.” Maryland’s National Register Properties, Maryland Historical Trust, accessed August 9, 2019. 1833 is cited as the date of construction, although the McKim Center website cites 1835 as the year of completion.

  91. Jeanette W. Jones, interview with Ashley Minner, August 8, 2019, Baltimore, Maryland, transcript.

  92. Lumbee youth are referred to as Croatan Indians in the article. See “Mystery People of Baltimore: Neither Red nor White nor Black, Strange ‘Indian’ Tribe Lives in a World of its Own.” Ebony 12, no. 11 (September 1957): 70 – 73.

  93. “Mystery People of Baltimore: Neither Red nor White nor Black, Strange ‘Indian’ Tribe Lives in a World of its Own.” Ebony 12, no. 11 (September 1957): 70 – 73.

  94. South Broadway Baptist Church 50th Annual Homecoming, March 18, 2018, Program. From Historical Summary of South Broadway Baptist Church, 4.

  95. Personal communication with Norman J. Emanuel, July 21, 2021.

  96. See Emanuel Tire, “About.” Accessed July 21, 2021.

  97. Personal communication with Chris Emanuel, July 21, 2021.

  98. Personal communication with James Bowen, November 22, 2019, and Personal communication with Roy Maynor, January 8, 2021.

  99. Personal communication with James Bowen, November 22, 2019, and Personal communication with Roy Maynor, January 8, 2021.

  100. See Philip and Mary Morris, eds. “Brooklyn Church of God” in Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009, (Cleveland, TN: Derek Press, 2010), p. 299 – 300.

  101. Baltimore City Circuit Court (Land Records) seb 2974, p. 0109, msa_ce164_2974. Date available February 24, 2005. Date printed November 23, 2019.

  102. “locklear, burnetha: l09067703”Maryland Business Express, accessed July 21, 2021.

  103. “105 S. Conkling Street,” Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation. Accessed July 21, 2021.

  104. Personal communication with Rosie Bowen, August 8, 2019.

  105. See Tkacik, Christina “A Taste of Home.” Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, MD), November 16, 2016.

  106. See National Council for the Traditional Arts, “Rosie Bowen and Adriana Bowen-Herrera - Lumbee chicken and pastry.” YouTube Video, September 13, 2020.

  107. “Our History - Timeline.” Sip & Bite. Accessed August 8, 2019.

  108. Rafael Alvarez, “The Story of Sip & Bite, Part 3.” The Arbutus Patch, October 25, 2012.

  109. Baltimore City Superior Court (Land Records) rhb 2962, p. 0418, msa_ce168_13280. Date available November 18, 2004. Date printed July 31, 2019.

  110. See Philip and Mary Morris, eds. “East Baltimore Church of God” in Our Living Legacy: Delmarva-DC Churches of God celebrating the journey, 90th Anniversary, 1919 – 2009, (Cleveland, TN: Derek Press, 2010), p. 309.

  111. See Native American Lifelines.